Geoekološke značajke nacionalnog parka "Paklenica" : doktorska disertacija - Saletto-Janković, Maja (Zagreb : M. Saletto Janković, 1997)
Sažetak: Nacionalni park "Paklenica" se prostire na JZ, primorskoj, padini Južnog Velebita "između mjesta Tribanj - Šibuljina i mjesta Modrić, uključujući vršnu zonu Velebita između Golovrha i Svetog Brda (1753m)" (Zakon....NN,1997). Zbog svoje jedinstvene prirodne osnove, ovaj Park predstavlja izvanredan znanstvenoistraživački "poligon" (geomorfološki, geološki, hidrološki, biološki i dr.), s velikim potencijalom za afirmaciju njegove edukativne funkcije. Jednako tako, NP Paklenica pruža velike mogućnosti za razvoj reaktivnog i športskog turizma. No ipak, NP Paklenica predstavlja prometno najizoliraniji i najmanje valorizirani NP R Hrvatske.
Baš zbog toga se nameće potreba da se analizira i geoekološki (multidisciplinarno) vrednuje kompleksni potencial ovog Parka, što je preduvjet za izradu optimalnog plana gospodarenja, pravilno usmjerenog korištenja i njegovu adekvatnu valorizaciju (znanstvenoistraživačku, relativnu, edukativnu, kulturnu i dr.). Da bi se moglo pristupiti analizi geoekoloških značajki NP "Paklenica", nužno je definirati neke temeljne geoekološke pojmove, principe i koncepte. Pojam okoliš (eng. environment) ima nekoliko različitih značenja. Kod nas, u definiranju pojma okoliš, još uvijek postoje određene nejasnoće i nedorečenosti, i to posebno u odnosu na druga dva pojma - okolina i okolica.
Pod prirodnim okolišem (materijalno-fizička priroda) podrazumjeva se prirodni okoliš u užem (geosfera, ekosfera) i širem (tehnosfera - tzv. preoblikovani - izmijenjeni prirodni okoliš) smislu. Pojam krajolik, kako to u svom uvodnom članku kažu Cook i van Lier (1994), ima mnogo različitih interpretacija. Specifična strukovna, odnosno filozofska stanovišta, dozvoljavaju takvu interpretaciju pojma koja najbolje odgovara za određene potrebe i strukovnu orijentaciju. Shvaćanje ekologije krajolika (geoekologije) kao interdisciplinarne znanosti koja se bavi međuodnosima između čovjeka i njegovog životnog prostora - otvorenog (prirodnog) i izgrađenog krajolika - je relativno novo i začeto je od strane geografa i ekoliga u Srednjoj Europi nakon II Svjetskog rata.
Ekoligija krajolika je danas sve više priznata kao znanstveni temelj procjene (vrednovanja), planiranja, gospodarenja i očuvanja krajolika i zemljišta. Razvila se kao rezultat holističkog pristupa usvojenog od geografa, ekologa i ostalih znanstvenika koji se bave planiranjem, dizajniranjem i gospodarenjem okolišem, u njihovom pokušaju da premoste jaz između prirodnog, agrarnog, ljudskog i urbanog susrtava. Troll je, 1039. god. postavio temelje novom načinu istraživanja i tumačenja krajolika, odnosno novoj grani znanosti, dajući joj ime ekologija krajolika (njem. Landschaftsoekologie, eng. Landscape ecology). Troll, u okviru eklogije krajolika, definira krajolik s novog, prostorno-funkcionalnog (geografsko-ekološkog) aspekta, bitno drugačijeg od dotadašnjeg koncepta krajolika, orijentiranog samo na izgledi oblik.
On promatra krajolik kao potpuno ujedinjenu holističku cjelinu, koja predstavlja jedinstvo koje je više/veće nego zbroj njegovih dijelova, te zbog toga treba biti istraživana (cjelina krajolika) u svoj svojoj jedinstvenosti tj. cjelosti. Pravilno planiranje korištenja krajolika (prostora) i gospodarenje okolišem, kako ga definira FAO (1976), trebalo bi usmjeravati odluke o korištenju krajolika (zemljišta) u takvom pravcu da prirodna bogatstva okoliša budu, s jedne strane što korisnija čovjeku, a s druge strane zaštićena i sačuvana za budućnost. U skladu s tim, planiranje i gospodarenje mora biti temeljeno na dobrom poznavanju, kako samog okoliša (krajolika), tako i predviđenih oblika njegova korištenja. Cilj geološkog planiranja je održivo optimalno korištenje Zemlje kao planete.
Takvo planiranje se temelji na dobrom poznavanju i razumjevanju i prirodnog okoliša i planiranog oblika korištenja, odnosno na poznavanju raspoloživih prirodnih bogatstava i prirodnog okoliša, te na određivanju za kakv oblik korištenja je taj okoliš pogodan. Jedna od najkompleksnijih i najprimjenjivijih metoda geoekološkog planiranja je sutav LANDEP (Landscape Ecological Planning). U skladu s postavkama geoekološkog planiranja, analizirani su abiotički elementi krajolika NP "Paklenica" (geološke značajke, reljef, klima, vode, tlo), zatim biotički elementi (vegetacija) i antropogeni kompleks (nasljednost, antropogeni reljef, turizam). Na temelju tako povezane inventarizacije, provedeno je geoekološko vrednovanje Parka.
U okviru geološke analize, na istraživanom području utvrđene su naslage u rasponu od gornjopaleozojske do kenozojske starosti (perm - holocen). Pri istraživanju geomorfoloških obilježja NP "Paklenica" obuhvaćeno je područje bazena porječja Velike i Male Paklenice, budući da je to bilo potrebno za preciznije provođenje morfometrijskih analiza. Za potrebe geoekološkog vrednovanja, bilo je neophodno koristiti slijedeće metode: analiza hipsometrijskih odnosa, analiza nagiba padina i analiza vertikalne rasčlanjenosti reljefa. Na području bazena porječja Velike i Male Paklenice registrirani su određeni geomorfološki procesi, i njima oblikovani odgovarajući tipovi reljefa: padinski relejf, krški i fluviokrški reljef, fluvijalni reljef fluviodenundacijksi reljef, periglacijalni reljef, glacijalni i glaciofluvijalni reljef, te antropogeni reljef.
Jedno od specifičnih obilježja prirodne osnove NP "Paklenica", odnosno bazena porječja Velike i Male Paklenice predstavljaju, uz veličanstvene kanjone i prekrasne šume, potoci Velika i Mala Paklenica s pritokama Brezimenjačom, Suhom Dragom i Orljačom. Specifična hidrogeološka osnova istraživanog područja omogućila je formiranje povremenih tekućica koje su uglavnom bogate vodom u jesen, zimi i rano proljeće, a presušuju u cijelosti (Suha Draga, Orljača i ponekad Brezimenjača) ili u jednom svom dijelu (Velika i Mala Paklenica) tijekom sušnog ljeta i rane jeseni. Shvaćajući značaj i važnost praćenja stanja (kvalitete i količine) voda, započelo se sa sistematskim istraživanjem voda tekućica Nacionalnog parka. U okviru tog istraživanja vrši se uzorkovanje i praćenje kakvoće vode, te mjerenje protoke u potocima.
Od značajnih elemenata tekućica, pažnja je posebno posvećena slijedećim elementima: izvoru, koritu, njegovom prosječnom, apsolutnom i relativnom padu, zatim nagibu dna i uzdužnom presjeku korita, duljini tekućice, poprečnom presjeku korita, brzini otjecanja vode, mokrom profilu, protoci i osobinama njihovog ušća. U okviru provedenih istraživanja ispitivana je sanitarna ispravnost vode, a proveden je i niz fizikalno-kemijskih analiza na temelju kojih je određena kvaliteta vode. Kvaliteta vode (izražena klasama boniteta) pakleničkih tekućica ustaljeno je visoka (I II klasa boniteta), uz povremeno odstupanje nekog od fizičko-kemijskih pokazatelja, a povremeno je zabilježena i pojava bakterija koje su indikatori fekalnog onečišćenja.
Klimatske prilike istraživanog područja definirane su na temelju podataka za metorološke postaje Senj, Karlobag, Zavižan i Baške Oštarije. Analizirani su sljedeći klimatski pokazatelji: temperatura, padaline i vjetrovi istraživanog područja. U okviru pedološke analize, na području bazena porječja Velike i Male Paklenice ustanovljeno je 6 tipova klasa automorfnih tala: kamenjar (litosol), vapnenačko dolomitna crnica (kalkomelanosol), rendzina (rendzina), smeđe tlo na vapnencima i dolomitima (kalkokambisol), crvenica (terra rossa), rigosol (hortisol). Biljni pokrov bazena porječja Velike i Male Paklenice je prikazan na temelju postojeće vegetacijske karte koja predstavlja prikaz realne vegetacije istraživanog područja.
Zastupljene su mješovite šume medunca i bjelograba, šume crnog graba s jesenskom šašikom, šume crnog bora s dunjaricom, primorske šume bukve s mrtvom koprivom, bukove šume sbekicom, pretplaninske šume bukve s urezicom, klekovina bora krivulja s kozokrvinom, te vegetacija stijena i točila. Životinjski svijet NP "Paklenica" također je vrlo bogat. Odlikuje se mnogim vrstama ptica, zmija i gmazova, kukaca, sisavaca i dr. Kada se govori o društveno gospodarskim značajkama istraživanog područja, valja naglasiti da su siromaštvo prirodne osnove (strme padine, oskudna vegetacija i neplodno tlo, nepovoljna klima ...) i slaba prometna povezanost, razlogom pasivnosti i slabe naseljenosti primorske padine J. Velebita.
U okviru Južnog Velebita, čija je prirodna dinamika stanovništva u cjelini negativna, jedino je Starigrad-Paklenica zadržao pozitivni prirast. Recentni antropogeni utjecaji na području NP "Paklenica", tj. bazenu porječja Velike i Male Paklenice, iako u cjelini relativno slabi, jače su izraženi u njegovom zapadnom dijelu. Najjači utjecaj čovjeka i njegova rada osjeća se u/uz dolinu Velike Paklenice, dok je istočni dio Parka, kanjon Male Paklenice i područje Koma i Vlaškog grada, ostao antropogeno (uglavnom) neizmijenjen. U okviru geološkog vrednovanja pojedinih datosti prostora, tj. krajolika, razrađeni su načelni geoekološki pristupi, ciljevi i zadaci u istraživanju i vrednovanju svake od njih. Temeljeno je to na principu da se vrednovanje provodi u svezi s precizno definiranim vidom korištenja, tzv. tipom korištenja.
Vrednovanje reljefa provedeno je s aspekta turizma, odnosno rekreacije, vrednovanje tekućica s obziroma na njihov vodeni potencijal, vrednovanje šuma glede njihovih općekorisnih funkcija, a vrednovanje tla s obzirom na opće ekološke uvjete biljne proizvodnje u šumarstvu. Na temelju provedene geomorfološke analize provedeno je geoekolško vrednovanje reljefa NP Paklenica s aspekta njegove turističke valorizacije. Vrednovanje je provedeno za potrebe određenih tipova rekreacije i športa (šetnja, planinarenje, alpinizam i slobodno penjanje) i to u smislu njegove fizičke pogodnosti, estetske vrijednosti i dostupnosti. Primijenjene su dvije metode (a) Metoda relativnog vrednovanja reljefa i
(b) Metoda indeksa rekreacijskog potencijala, kojima je vrednovan reljef u okviru šest morfografskih kategorija: vrhovi, kukovi, špilje, dolinska dna i korita, padine i strmci. Relativni odnosi potencijalnih reakcijskih vrijednosti pojedinih dijelova NP Paklenica u okviru morfografskih kategorija, uglavnom su jednaki, prema obje provedene metode. Kao glavni ograničavajući faktor turističke valorizacije pojedinih dijelova NP Paklenica, javio se problem nedostupnosti (udaljenost, nepostojanje uređenih planinarskih staza) te je, u skladu s tim dano nekoliko prijedloga kao moguća rješenja tog problema (organiziranje stručno vođenih izleta, uređivanja staza, postavljanje "putokaza").Tekućice NP "Paklenica" vrednovane s obzirom na svoj vodeni potencijal i to na temelju mjerenja protoka.
Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na relativno visoku vrijednost vodnog potencijala vrednovanih tekućica, no tek će daljnja istraživanja dati pravu sliku o njihovom vodnom potencijalu. Za potrebe vrednovanja šuma NP "Paklenica" korišteni su principi i pristupi vrednovanja općekorisnih funkcija šuma. Zbog specifičnosti zadatka, odnosno zbog činjenice da se radi o šumama u granicama Nacionalnog parka, te zbog namjere da se ustanovi vrijednost, odnosno međusobne razlike u vrijednosti tih šuma, metoda je djelomično izmijenjena i prilagođena naznačenim potrebama. Šume NP "Paklenica", u cijelosti, imaju visoku vrijednost s obzirom na svoje općekorisne funkcije. Najveću vrijednost (9. bonitetna kategorija), pri tom, imaju mješane šume (bukve i crnog bora) na padinama Borovnika i Klimente uz Veliku Paklenicu.
Za vrednovanje tala, odnosno zemljišta istraživanog područja korištena je tzv. Nova metoda bonitiranja zemljišta u Hrvatskoj i to metoda bonitiranja zemljišta kulture šume. Prema rezultaitima se vidi da svo zastupljeno zemljište odgovara 7. i 8. klasi boniteta katastarske kulture šume, odnosno pokazuje nisku bonitetnu vrijednost za vrednovanje vrste šuma. Provedena vrednovanja prirodnih datosti ukazala su na neke specifičnosti istraživanog prostora. Naime, zabilježene su razlike u vrijednosti između pojedinih dijelova NP "Paklenica" i to u okviru svake vrednovane datosti (reljef, voda, tla ili šume).
To znači da pri planiranju korištenja bilo kojeg od elemenata krajolika te razlika treba uvažiti i u skladu s njima gospodariti NP "Paklenica", odnosno neke njegove dijelove posebno zaštiti, a neke što je moguće više približiti posjetiteljima i turistima.
Summary: The "Paklenica" National Park streches across the SW littoral slope of Southern Velebit, "between the place Tribanj-Šibuljina and the place Modrić, including the summit zone of Velebit between Golovrh and Sveto Brdo (1753 m)" (Law on ....., Official Gazette of Croatia, 1997.). Due to its unique natural base, this Park presents an extraordianry scientific research "range" (geomorphological, hydrological, biological et al.), with a considerable potentiality to establish its educative function. At the same time, the Paklenica NP offers great possibilities for development of recreative and sports tourism. But despite all this, Paklenica NP is traffic-wise that most isolated and the least evaluated national park in the Republic of Croatia.
For this very reason a requirement arises to analyse and geoecologically (multidisciplinagy) evaluate the complex potential of this Park, this being a pre-requisite to prepare an optimal plan of management, a corectly orientated use and its adequate evaluation (scientific research, recreative, educative, cultural et al.). In order to undertanke an analysis of geoecological features of the "Paklenica" National Park, it is necessary to define some basic geoecological notions and concept. The comcept of environment has a number of different meanings. When defining the concept of environment with us here there still exist some vague and imperfect ideas, in particular in comparison with the other two concepts - envirous and surroundings.
Under the natural environment (material-physical nature) one understands the natural environment in its narrower (geosphere, ecosphere) and wider (technosphere - the so called refashioned - changed natural environment) sense. The concept of landscape has, as said by Cook and van Lier in their introductory article (1994), many different interpretations. Specific professional or phylosophical standpoints allow such an interpretation of the concept which will best meet particular requrements and professional orientation. Understanding the landscape ecology (geoecology) as an interdisciplinary science, concerning itself with mutual relationship between the man and its life space - an open (natural) and built-up lanscape - is relatively new, being incepted by geograhes and ecologists in Central Europe after the 2nd world war.
The landscape ecology is at present times ever more recognized as a scientific foundation for the assessment (evaluation), planning, managment and preservation of the landscape and land. It has developed as a result of a chollistic attitude adopted by geographers, ecologists and other scientists involved in planning, designing and managing the environment in their attempt to overbridge the gap among natural, agrarian, man's and urban systems. Back in 1939 Troll has set up the foundations of a new manner of exploring and interpreting the landscape, namely of a new scientific branch, christening it the landscape ecology (German: Landschaftsoekologie).
Within the landscape ecology, Troll defines the landscape from a new, spatially-functional (geographical-ecological) aspect, essentially different from the earlier landscape concept, orientated solely towards the appearance and shape. He looks at the landscape as a totally unified chollistic integrity, which poses an unity being higher/larger than the sum of its parts and should be therefore explored (the integrity of landscape in its unity i.e. wholeness. A correct planning of the landscape (space) use and management of environment, as defined by the fao (1976), should direct decisions of the landscape (land) use in such a direction that the natural wealth of environment is from one side as useful as posible to the man and from the other side protected and kept for the future.
Following this line, planning and management must be based upon good knowledge of both the environment (landscape) itself and the envisaged forms of its exploitation. The goal of geoecological planing is a sustainable optimal use of the Earth as a planet. Such planning is based upon a good knowledge and understanding of the natural environment and planned forms of use, namely upon the knowledge of the natural wealth at disposal and of the natural environment, as well as upon determining for what kind of use is such environment sutiable. One of most complex and most applied geoecological planning methods is the LANDEP (Landscape Ecological Planning) method.
In concordance with postulations of geological planning in the "Paklenica" NP were analysed abiotic elements of the landscape in it (geological features, relief, Climate, waters, soil), as well as biotic elements (vegetation) and the anthropogene complex (presence of population, anthropogene relief, tourism). On the basis of an inventory drawn up in this manner, a geoecological evaluation of the Park was performed. Within the framework of geological analysis, within the explored area were detemined strata ranging from the Upper Paleozoic to Cenozoic age (Permian - Holocene). In investigating the geomorphologic in the "Paklenica" NP were embraced drain basins of Velika and Mala Paklenica, as this was necessary in order to perform more precise morphometric analyses.
To meet the requirements of geoecological evaluation it was indispensable to make use of the following methods: analysis of hyposometric relationships, analysis of slope gradients and the relief vertical indentedness analysis. Within the drain basins of Velika and Mala Paklenica were registred particular geomorphological processes and relevant types of relief shaped by them: slope relief, jarstic relief and fluvial kastric relief, fluvial relief, fluvial denudation relief, periglacial relief, glacial and glacial fluvial relief, as well as the anthropogene relief. One of the specific features of the natural base of the "Paklenica" NP, namely the drain basin of Velika and Mala Paklenica are, beside the magnificent canyons, brooks of Velika and Mala Paklenica with their tributaries Brezimenjaca, Suha Draga and Orljaca.
The specific hydrogeological base of the explored area has made possible formation of temporary running streams, which in general abound with water in autumn, winter and early spring, while drying up either totally (Suha Draga, Orljaca and sometimes Brezimenjaca) or in one of its parts (Velika and Mala Paklenica) during the droughty summer and early autumn. Recognizing the significance and importance of monitoring the state (quality and quantity) of waters, a systematic investigation of running waters within the National Park has been undertaken. Within the scope of this investigation, sampling and water quality monitoring is performed, as well as measuring of dischange in tributaries.
Out of more significant elements concerning running waters, a particular attention is paid to the following elemnts: souce, bed, its average, absolute and relative drop, then incline of the bottom and the longitudinal section of the bed, length of the running water, transversal section of the bed, speed of the water run-off, wet profile, dischange and characteristics of its mouth. In the investigations performed the sanitary quality of water was tested and a range of physical-chemical analyses was implemented so as to determine the quality of water. The quality of water (expressed in bonity classes) of Paklenica running waters is permanently high (1st and 2nd bonity classes), with a periodical aberration of some of physical-chemical indices, while at times were also noted appearances of bacteria, indicating a faecal pollution.
Climatic conditions of the territory researched are defined upon the data for the meteorological stations Senj, Karlobag, Zavizan and Baske Ostarije. Folloving climatic indicators were analyzed: temperature, precipitations; wind of researched territory. Within pedologic analysis, on the territory of the river basin of the mountains Velika and Mala Paklenica, 6 types of four classes of automorphic soils; rocky ground (calque melano soil), rendzina (rendzina), brown soil on limes and dolomites (calque changing soil), red soil (terra rossa), rigol soil (hortisoil). Vegetal cover of the river basin of the mountains Velika and Mala Paklenica is shown on the ground of existing vegetational map which represents the presentation of the real vegetation of the territory researched.
Mixed wood of downy oak and oriental hornbeam are represented, woods of hop hornbeam with autumn maize, woods of black pine with cotoneaster, coastal woods of beech with autumn maize, upland woods of beech with dead nettle, beech woods with wood-rush, pre-mountain beech woods with slice-rush, juniper wood of the mugho pine, with sweet honey-suckle, along with vegetation of stones and funnels. Animal world of National Park "Paklenica" is also very rich. It is distinguished with lots of kinds of birds, snakes and reptiles, insects, mammals etc.
When there's word about socially-economic characteristics of the researched territory, is to be stressed that the poverty of natural foundations (steep hillsides, scarce vegetation and infertile soil, unfavourable climate....) and poor traficconnections are the reasons for the costal hillside of s. Velebit to be the barren region and scarcely populated. Within south Velebit region, where is natural dynamic of population completly negative, only Starigrad-Paklenica has kept positive growth. Recent anthropogenetic influences on the territory of NP "Paklenica", that is to say, at the river-basin of the mountains Velika and Mala Paklenica, although in whole relatively weak, are more strongly expressed in its west part.
Strongest influence of the man and its work is felt in and along the valley of Velika Paklenica, while is the east part of the Park, canyon of Mala Paklenica and the territory of Kom and Vlaski grad, regrading anthropogenesis, (mainly) unchanged. Within the framework of geoplogical evaluation of given specific conditions of space, which is to say, the landscape, some prioncipal geo-ecological approaches, aims and assignmants regrading research and evaluation of the each of it are worked out. That is founded on the principle that the evaluation should be performed in connection with precisely defined from of use, so called type of use.
Relief evaluation has been performed from the stand-point of tourism, respectively recreation, evaluation of flows regrading their watery potential, evaluation of woods regrading general benefits out of its functions, and evaluation of soils regarding general environmental conditions of vegetal production in foresty. On the grounds of geomorphological analysis performed, geo-ecological evaluation of soils of the NP Paklenica is performed considering its tourist valorization. Evaluation has been performed for the necessities of the certain types of recreation and sport (walk, mountain hiking, Alpinism and free climbing) and that in a sense of its physical convenience, aestetic value and accessibility.
Two methods are applied (a) method of relative evaluation of the relief and (b) Index method of recreational potential by which is the relief evaluated, within six morphographic categories, the peaks, the crestes and caverns, vallybottoms and beds, hillsides and slopes. Relative relations of potential recreation values of particular prts of NP Paklenice, within the framework of morpho-graphic categories, are mainly equal, according to both performed methods. As the main limiting factor of tourist valorization of some parts of NP "Paklenica", the problem of inaccessibility emerged (long distance, nonexsistance of arranged mountain paths) and, following to that fact, some proposals were giving as for the possible solutions of that problem (organization of professionally guided tours, arrangement of paths, placing the "road sings").
Streams if the NP "Paklenica" were estimated regrading their watery potential and, on the grounds of measuring the flow. Obtained results are showing on relative high value of the watery potential of the streams evaluated, but only further researches are to give the picture about their watery potential. For the necessities of evaluation of forests within NP "Paklenica" principles and approaches of evaluation of generally useful functions of wood were used. Regrading specifics of the assignment, respectively the fact that there goes for woods within the limits of National park, and because of the intentions of finding the value, respectively mutual differences at the value of those woods, method was party changed being adapted according to the mentioned necessities.
Woods of NP "Paklenica", completely are of high value, regarding their generally useful functions. Highest value (9. valuation category) at hat, are to be assigned to the mixed woods (of beech and black pine) on the hillsides of Borovnik and Klimenta nearby Velika Paklenica. Regarding the evaluation of soils, respectively the lands, so called New method of valuation of the soil in Croatia, and that, the method of the valuation of the soil having the culture of forest. According to the results, its obvious that all the represented soil suites to the 7th and 8th class of valuation of the cadastral culture of woods, showing therefore low estimated values for evaluation of the kinds of woods. Performed evaluations of natural given conditions shoved some specific of the researched space.
Namely, differences at the value of particular parts of NP "Paklenica", and, regarding each of the conditions (relief, water, soils or woods). That means that, planning the use of whatever of the elements of the landscape, those differences are to be considered and regarding to them, to economize with NP "Paklenica", respectively, to protect specially some of its parts, but some of them are to be brought closer to the visitors and tourists.
Doktor prirodnih znanosti - geografija
Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Zagreb, 1997
Bibliografija: str. 248-264, bilješke uz tekst
Summary
Keywords: Paklenica -- Geomorfološke karakteristike